# scipy.special.powm1

scipy.special.powm1(x, y, out=None) = <ufunc 'powm1'>

  Computes `x**y - 1`.

  This function is useful when y is near 0, or when x is near 1.

  The function is implemented for real types only (unlike `numpy.power`, which accepts complex inputs).

  Parameters:
    x array_like

      The base. Must be a real type (i.e. integer or float, not complex).

    y array_like

      The exponent. Must be a real type (i.e. integer or float, not complex).

  Returns:
    array_like

      Result of the calculation

  Notes

  New in version 1.10.0.

  The underlying code is implemented for single precision and double precision floats only. Unlike `numpy.power`, integer inputs to `powm1` are converted to floating point, and complex inputs are not accepted.

  Note the following edge cases:

  - `powm1(x, 0)` returns 0 for any `x`, including 0, `inf` and `nan`.

  - `powm1(1, y)` returns 0 for any `y`, including `nan` and `inf`.

  Examples

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> from scipy.special import powm1

      >>> x = np.array([1.2, 10.0, 0.9999999975])
      >>> y = np.array([1e-9, 1e-11, 0.1875])
      >>> powm1(x, y)
      array([ 1.82321557e-10,  2.30258509e-11, -4.68749998e-10])

  It can be verified that the relative errors in those results are less than 2.5e-16.

  Compare that to the result of `x**y - 1`, where the relative errors are all larger than 8e-8:

      >>> x**y - 1
      array([ 1.82321491e-10,  2.30258035e-11, -4.68750039e-10])