# scipy.ndimage.rotate

scipy.ndimage.rotate(input, angle, axes=(1, 0), reshape=True, output=None, order=3, mode='constant', cval=0.0, prefilter=True)

  Rotate an array.

  The array is rotated in the plane defined by the two axes given by the axes parameter using spline interpolation of the requested order.

  Parameters:
    input array_like

      The input array.

    angle float

      The rotation angle in degrees.

    axes tuple of 2 ints, optional

      The two axes that define the plane of rotation. Default is the first two axes.

    reshape bool, optional

      If reshape is true, the output shape is adapted so that the input array is contained completely in the output. Default is True.

    output array or dtype, optional

      The array in which to place the output, or the dtype of the returned array. By default an array of the same dtype as input will be created.

    order int, optional

      The order of the spline interpolation, default is 3. The order has to be in the range 0-5.

    mode{‘reflect’, ‘grid-mirror’, ‘constant’, ‘grid-constant’, ‘nearest’, ‘mirror’, ‘grid-wrap’, ‘wrap’}, optional

      The mode parameter determines how the input array is extended beyond its boundaries. Default is ‘constant’. Behavior for each valid value is as follows (see additional plots and details on boundary modes):

      ‘reflect’ (d c b a | a b c d | d c b a)

        The input is extended by reflecting about the edge of the last pixel. This mode is also sometimes referred to as half-sample symmetric.

      ‘grid-mirror’

        This is a synonym for ‘reflect’.

      ‘constant’ (k k k k | a b c d | k k k k)

        The input is extended by filling all values beyond the edge with the same constant value, defined by the cval parameter. No interpolation is performed beyond the edges of the input.

      ‘grid-constant’ (k k k k | a b c d | k k k k)

        The input is extended by filling all values beyond the edge with the same constant value, defined by the cval parameter. Interpolation occurs for samples outside the input’s extent as well.

      ‘nearest’ (a a a a | a b c d | d d d d)

        The input is extended by replicating the last pixel.

      ‘mirror’ (d c b | a b c d | c b a)

        The input is extended by reflecting about the center of the last pixel. This mode is also sometimes referred to as whole-sample symmetric.

      ‘grid-wrap’ (a b c d | a b c d | a b c d)

        The input is extended by wrapping around to the opposite edge.

      ‘wrap’ (d b c d | a b c d | b c a b)

        The input is extended by wrapping around to the opposite edge, but in a way such that the last point and initial point exactly overlap. In this case it is not well defined which sample will be chosen at the point of overlap.

    cval scalar, optional

      Value to fill past edges of input if mode is ‘constant’. Default is 0.0.

    prefilter bool, optional

      Determines if the input array is prefiltered with `spline_filter` before interpolation. The default is True, which will create a temporary float64 array of filtered values if order > 1. If setting this to False, the output will be slightly blurred if order > 1, unless the input is prefiltered, i.e. it is the result of calling `spline_filter` on the original input.

  Returns:
    rotate ndarray

      The rotated input.

  Notes

  For complex-valued input, this function rotates the real and imaginary components independently.

  New in version 1.6.0: Complex-valued support added.

  Examples

      >>> from scipy import ndimage, datasets
      >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
      >>> fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 3))
      >>> ax1, ax2, ax3 = fig.subplots(1, 3)
      >>> img = datasets.ascent()
      >>> img_45 = ndimage.rotate(img, 45, reshape=False)
      >>> full_img_45 = ndimage.rotate(img, 45, reshape=True)
      >>> ax1.imshow(img, cmap='gray')
      >>> ax1.set_axis_off()
      >>> ax2.imshow(img_45, cmap='gray')
      >>> ax2.set_axis_off()
      >>> ax3.imshow(full_img_45, cmap='gray')
      >>> ax3.set_axis_off()
      >>> fig.set_layout_engine('tight')
      >>> plt.show()

      >>> print(img.shape)
      (512, 512)
      >>> print(img_45.shape)
      (512, 512)
      >>> print(full_img_45.shape)
      (724, 724)