# scipy.optimize.fmin_tnc

scipy.optimize.fmin_tnc(func, x0, fprime=None, args=(), approx_grad=0, bounds=None, epsilon=1e-08, scale=None, offset=None, messages=15, maxCGit=-1, maxfun=None, eta=-1, stepmx=0, accuracy=0, fmin=0, ftol=-1, xtol=-1, pgtol=-1, rescale=-1, disp=None, callback=None)

  Minimize a function with variables subject to bounds, using gradient information in a truncated Newton algorithm. This method wraps a C implementation of the algorithm.

  Parameters:
    func callable `func(x, *args)`

      Function to minimize. Must do one of:

      1. Return f and g, where f is the value of the function and g its gradient (a list of floats).

      2. Return the function value but supply gradient function separately as fprime.

      3. Return the function value and set `approx_grad=True`.

      If the function returns None, the minimization is aborted.

    x0 array_like

      Initial estimate of minimum.

    fprime callable `fprime(x, *args)`, optional

      Gradient of func. If None, then either func must return the function value and the gradient (`f,g = func(x, *args)`) or approx_grad must be True.

    args tuple, optional

      Arguments to pass to function.

    approx_grad bool, optional

      If true, approximate the gradient numerically.

    bounds list, optional

      (min, max) pairs for each element in x0, defining the bounds on that parameter. Use None or +/-inf for one of min or max when there is no bound in that direction.

    epsilon float, optional

      Used if approx_grad is True. The stepsize in a finite difference approximation for fprime.

    scale array_like, optional

      Scaling factors to apply to each variable. If None, the factors are up-low for interval bounded variables and 1+|x| for the others. Defaults to None.

    offset array_like, optional

      Value to subtract from each variable. If None, the offsets are (up+low)/2 for interval bounded variables and x for the others.

    messages int, optional

      Bit mask used to select messages display during minimization values defined in the MSGS dict. Defaults to MGS_ALL.

    disp int, optional

      Integer interface to messages. 0 = no message, 5 = all messages

    maxCGit int, optional

      Maximum number of hessian*vector evaluations per main iteration. If maxCGit == 0, the direction chosen is -gradient if maxCGit < 0, maxCGit is set to max(1,min(50,n/2)). Defaults to -1.

    maxfun int, optional

      Maximum number of function evaluation. If None, maxfun is set to max(100, 10*len(x0)). Defaults to None. Note that this function may violate the limit because of evaluating gradients by numerical differentiation.

    eta float, optional

      Severity of the line search. If < 0 or > 1, set to 0.25. Defaults to -1.

    stepmx float, optional

      Maximum step for the line search. May be increased during call. If too small, it will be set to 10.0. Defaults to 0.

    accuracy float, optional

      Relative precision for finite difference calculations. If <= machine_precision, set to sqrt(machine_precision). Defaults to 0.

    fmin float, optional

      Minimum function value estimate. Defaults to 0.

    ftol float, optional

      Precision goal for the value of f in the stopping criterion. If ftol < 0.0, ftol is set to 0.0 defaults to -1.

    xtol float, optional

      Precision goal for the value of x in the stopping criterion (after applying x scaling factors). If xtol < 0.0, xtol is set to sqrt(machine_precision). Defaults to -1.

    pgtol float, optional

      Precision goal for the value of the projected gradient in the stopping criterion (after applying x scaling factors). If pgtol < 0.0, pgtol is set to 1e-2 * sqrt(accuracy). Setting it to 0.0 is not recommended. Defaults to -1.

    rescale float, optional

      Scaling factor (in log10) used to trigger f value rescaling. If 0, rescale at each iteration. If a large value, never rescale. If < 0, rescale is set to 1.3.

    callback callable, optional

      Called after each iteration, as callback(xk), where xk is the current parameter vector.

  Returns:
    x ndarray

      The solution.

    nfeval int

      The number of function evaluations.

    rc int

      Return code, see below

  See also

  `minimize`

    Interface to minimization algorithms for multivariate functions. See the ‘TNC’ method in particular.

  Notes

  The underlying algorithm is truncated Newton, also called Newton Conjugate-Gradient. This method differs from scipy.optimize.fmin_ncg in that

  1. it wraps a C implementation of the algorithm

  2. it allows each variable to be given an upper and lower bound.

  The algorithm incorporates the bound constraints by determining the descent direction as in an unconstrained truncated Newton, but never taking a step-size large enough to leave the space of feasible x’s. The algorithm keeps track of a set of currently active constraints, and ignores them when computing the minimum allowable step size. (The x’s associated with the active constraint are kept fixed.) If the maximum allowable step size is zero then a new constraint is added. At the end of each iteration one of the constraints may be deemed no longer active and removed. A constraint is considered no longer active is if it is currently active but the gradient for that variable points inward from the constraint. The specific constraint removed is the one associated with the variable of largest index whose constraint is no longer active.

  Return codes are defined as follows:

      -1 : Infeasible (lower bound > upper bound)
       0 : Local minimum reached (|pg| ~= 0)
       1 : Converged (|f_n-f_(n-1)| ~= 0)
       2 : Converged (|x_n-x_(n-1)| ~= 0)
       3 : Max. number of function evaluations reached
       4 : Linear search failed
       5 : All lower bounds are equal to the upper bounds
       6 : Unable to progress
       7 : User requested end of minimization

  References

  Wright S., Nocedal J. (2006), ‘Numerical Optimization’

  Nash S.G. (1984), “Newton-Type Minimization Via the Lanczos Method”, SIAM Journal of Numerical Analysis 21, pp. 770-778