# scipy.linalg.eigh

scipy.linalg.eigh(a, b=None, lower=True, eigvals_only=False, overwrite_a=False, overwrite_b=False, turbo=False, eigvals=None, type=1, check_finite=True, subset_by_index=None, subset_by_value=None, driver=None)

  Solve a standard or generalized eigenvalue problem for a complex Hermitian or real symmetric matrix.

  Find eigenvalues array `w` and optionally eigenvectors array `v` of array `a`, where `b` is positive definite such that for every eigenvalue λ (i-th entry of w) and its eigenvector `vi` (i-th column of `v`) satisfies:

                    a @ vi = λ * b @ vi
      vi.conj().T @ a @ vi = λ
      vi.conj().T @ b @ vi = 1

  In the standard problem, `b` is assumed to be the identity matrix.

  Parameters:
    a(M, M) array_like

      A complex Hermitian or real symmetric matrix whose eigenvalues and eigenvectors will be computed.

    b(M, M) array_like, optional

      A complex Hermitian or real symmetric definite positive matrix in. If omitted, identity matrix is assumed.

    lower bool, optional

      Whether the pertinent array data is taken from the lower or upper triangle of `a` and, if applicable, `b`. (Default: lower)

    eigvals_only bool, optional

      Whether to calculate only eigenvalues and no eigenvectors. (Default: both are calculated)

    subset_by_index iterable, optional

      If provided, this two-element iterable defines the start and the end indices of the desired eigenvalues (ascending order and 0-indexed). To return only the second smallest to fifth smallest eigenvalues, `[1, 4]` is used. `[n-3, n-1]` returns the largest three. Only available with “evr”, “evx”, and “gvx” drivers. The entries are directly converted to integers via `int()`.

    subset_by_value iterable, optional

      If provided, this two-element iterable defines the half-open interval `(a, b]` that, if any, only the eigenvalues between these values are returned. Only available with “evr”, “evx”, and “gvx” drivers. Use `np.inf` for the unconstrained ends.

    driver str, optional

      Defines which LAPACK driver should be used. Valid options are “ev”, “evd”, “evr”, “evx” for standard problems and “gv”, “gvd”, “gvx” for generalized (where b is not None) problems. See the Notes section. The default for standard problems is “evr”. For generalized problems, “gvd” is used for full set, and “gvx” for subset requested cases.

    type int, optional

      For the generalized problems, this keyword specifies the problem type to be solved for `w` and `v` (only takes 1, 2, 3 as possible inputs):

          1 =>     a @ v = w @ b @ v
          2 => a @ b @ v = w @ v
          3 => b @ a @ v = w @ v

      This keyword is ignored for standard problems.

    overwrite_a bool, optional

      Whether to overwrite data in `a` (may improve performance). Default is False.

    overwrite_b bool, optional

      Whether to overwrite data in `b` (may improve performance). Default is False.

    check_finite bool, optional

      Whether to check that the input matrices contain only finite numbers. Disabling may give a performance gain, but may result in problems (crashes, non-termination) if the inputs do contain infinities or NaNs.

    turbo bool, optional, deprecated

      Deprecated since version 1.5.0: `eigh` keyword argument turbo is deprecated in favour of `driver=gvd` keyword instead and will be removed in SciPy 1.12.0.

    eigvals tuple (lo, hi), optional, deprecated

      Deprecated since version 1.5.0: `eigh` keyword argument `eigvals` is deprecated in favour of subset_by_index keyword instead and will be removed in SciPy 1.12.0.

  Returns:
    w(N,) ndarray

      The N (1<=N<=M) selected eigenvalues, in ascending order, each repeated according to its multiplicity.

    v(M, N) ndarray

      (if `eigvals_only == False`)

  Raises:
    LinAlgError

      If eigenvalue computation does not converge, an error occurred, or b matrix is not definite positive. Note that if input matrices are not symmetric or Hermitian, no error will be reported but results will be wrong.

  See also

  `eigvalsh`

    eigenvalues of symmetric or Hermitian arrays

  `eig`

    eigenvalues and right eigenvectors for non-symmetric arrays

  `eigh_tridiagonal`

    eigenvalues and right eiegenvectors for symmetric/Hermitian tridiagonal matrices

  Notes

  This function does not check the input array for being Hermitian/symmetric in order to allow for representing arrays with only their upper/lower triangular parts. Also, note that even though not taken into account, finiteness check applies to the whole array and unaffected by “lower” keyword.

  This function uses LAPACK drivers for computations in all possible keyword combinations, prefixed with `sy` if arrays are real and `he` if complex, e.g., a float array with “evr” driver is solved via “syevr”, complex arrays with “gvx” driver problem is solved via “hegvx” etc.

  As a brief summary, the slowest and the most robust driver is the classical `<sy/he>ev` which uses symmetric QR. `<sy/he>evr` is seen as the optimal choice for the most general cases. However, there are certain occasions that `<sy/he>evd` computes faster at the expense of more memory usage. `<sy/he>evx`, while still being faster than `<sy/he>ev`, often performs worse than the rest except when very few eigenvalues are requested for large arrays though there is still no performance guarantee.

  For the generalized problem, normalization with respect to the given type argument:

      type 1 and 3 :      v.conj().T @ a @ v = w
      type 2       : inv(v).conj().T @ a @ inv(v) = w

      type 1 or 2  :      v.conj().T @ b @ v  = I
      type 3       : v.conj().T @ inv(b) @ v  = I

  Examples

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> from scipy.linalg import eigh
      >>> A = np.array([[6, 3, 1, 5], [3, 0, 5, 1], [1, 5, 6, 2], [5, 1, 2, 2]])
      >>> w, v = eigh(A)
      >>> np.allclose(A @ v - v @ np.diag(w), np.zeros((4, 4)))
      True

  Request only the eigenvalues

      >>> w = eigh(A, eigvals_only=True)

  Request eigenvalues that are less than 10.

      >>> A = np.array([[34, -4, -10, -7, 2],
      ...               [-4, 7, 2, 12, 0],
      ...               [-10, 2, 44, 2, -19],
      ...               [-7, 12, 2, 79, -34],
      ...               [2, 0, -19, -34, 29]])
      >>> eigh(A, eigvals_only=True, subset_by_value=[-np.inf, 10])
      array([6.69199443e-07, 9.11938152e+00])

  Request the second smallest eigenvalue and its eigenvector

      >>> w, v = eigh(A, subset_by_index=[1, 1])
      >>> w
      array([9.11938152])
      >>> v.shape  # only a single column is returned
      (5, 1)