# Normal Inverse Gaussian Distribution

The probability density function is given by:

\begin{eqnarray*} f(x; a, b) = \frac{a \exp\left(\sqrt{a^2 - b^2} + b x \right)}{\pi \sqrt{1 + x^2}} \, K_1\left(a * \sqrt{1 + x^2}\right), \end{eqnarray*}

where \(x\) is a real number, the parameter \(a\) is the tail heaviness and \(b\) is the asymmetry parameter satisfying \(a > 0\) and \(|b| \leq a\). \(K_1\) is the modified Bessel function of second kind (`scipy.special.k1`).

A normal inverse Gaussian random variable with parameters \(a\) and \(b\) can be expressed as \(X = b V + \sqrt(V) X\) where \(X\) is norm(0,1) and \(V\) is invgauss(mu=1/sqrt(a**2 - b**2)). Hence, the normal inverse Gaussian distribution is a special case of normal variance-mean mixtures.

Another common parametrization of the distribution is given by the following expression of the pdf:

\begin{eqnarray*} g(x, \alpha, \beta, \delta, \mu) = \frac{\alpha\delta K_1 \left(\alpha\sqrt{\delta^2 + (x - \mu)^2}\right)}{\pi \sqrt{\delta^2 + (x - \mu)^2}} \, e^{\delta \sqrt{\alpha^2 - \beta^2} + \beta (x - \mu)} \end{eqnarray*}

In SciPy, this corresponds to \(a = \alpha \delta, b = \beta \delta, \text{loc} = \mu, \text{scale}=\delta\).

Implementation: `scipy.stats.norminvgauss`